Speech processing responsive to active noise control microphones

ABSTRACT

Speech processing for a vehicle, including receiving speech from a user via at least one speech microphone that converts the speech into a speech signal, receiving vehicle noise via at least one active noise control microphone that converts the noise into a vehicle noise signal, and processing the speech signal in response to the vehicle noise signal to reduce vehicle noise in the speech signal.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to speech signal processing and, moreparticularly, to speech recognition and hands-free telecommunication.

BACKGROUND

A feature used in vehicles includes automated speech recognition (ASR).ASR technology enables microphone-equipped computing devices tointerpret speech and thereby provide an alternative to conventionalhuman-to-computer input devices such as keyboards or keypads. Forexample, vehicle telecommunications devices can be equipped with voicedialing features enabled by an ASR system. The ASR system typicallyincludes one or more microphones to receive speech from an occupant of avehicle. The microphones are usually located in a forward portion of apassenger compartment of the vehicle, such as in a rear view mirrorassembly or in a headliner.

Another feature used in vehicles includes hands-free calling orhands-free telecommunication (HFT). HFT enables a user to initiate atelephone call by a push of a button and/or by ASR-enabled voicedialing, and enables the user to carry out the call without having tohold a telephone. An HFT system is relatively sensitive to vehicle noiseand, thus, typically includes a hands-free algorithm having parametersthat are tuned for good performance in a particular vehicle cabin andunder various vehicle operating conditions.

A further feature used in vehicles includes active noise control (ANC)to reduce noise produced by vehicle engines, tires, ventilation systems,and the like. ANC systems may use a controller, microphones to senseobjectionable noise and transmit the noise to the controller forprocessing and output of a cancellation waveform, and a speaker toreceive the cancellation waveform and output the waveform to cancel theobjectionable noise. ANC microphones are tuned to sense low frequencyvehicle noise and, thus, are not considered suitable for use with ASR orHFT.

SUMMARY

According to an embodiment of the invention, there is provided a speechprocessing system for a vehicle. The system includes at least one speechmicrophone that converts user speech into speech signals, at least oneactive noise control microphone that converts vehicle noise into vehiclenoise signals, and a controller in communication with the microphones toprocess the speech signal in response to the vehicle noise signal toreduce vehicle noise in the speech signal.

According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provided amethod of speech processing for a vehicle. The method includes (a)receiving speech from a user via at least one speech microphone thatconverts the speech into a speech signal; (b) receiving vehicle noisevia at least one active noise control microphone that converts the noiseinto a vehicle noise signal; and (c) processing the speech signal inresponse to the vehicle noise signal to reduce vehicle noise in thespeech signal.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

One or more embodiments of the invention will hereinafter be describedin conjunction with the appended drawings, wherein like designationsdenote like elements, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of a communicationssystem that is capable of utilizing the method disclosed herein;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of an automatic speechrecognition system that can be used with the system of FIG. 1 and usedto implement methods of speech recognition;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of a speech processingsystem that can be used with the system(s) of FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 2; and

FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating an embodiment of a speech processingmethod.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENT(S)

The following description describes an example communications system,example ASR and speech processing systems that can be used with thecommunications system, and one or more example methods that can be usedwith the aforementioned systems. The methods described below can be usedby a vehicle telematics unit (VTU) as a part of recognizing speechuttered by a user of the VTU. Although the methods described below aresuch as they might be implemented for a VTU, it will be appreciated thatthey could be useful in any type of vehicle speech recognition systemand other types of speech processing and/or recognition systems. Forexample, the methods can be implemented in mobile computing devices orsystems, personal computers, or the like.

Communications System—

With reference to FIG. 1, there is shown an operating environment thatcomprises a mobile vehicle communications system 10 and that can be usedto implement the method disclosed herein. Communications system 10generally includes a vehicle 12, one or more wireless carrier systems14, a land communications network 16, a computer 18, and a call center20. It should be understood that the disclosed method can be used withany number of different systems and is not specifically limited to theoperating environment shown here. Also, the architecture, construction,setup, and operation of the system 10 and its individual components aregenerally known in the art. Thus, the following paragraphs simplyprovide a brief overview of one such communications system 10; however,other systems not shown here could employ the disclosed method as well.

Vehicle 12 is depicted in the illustrated embodiment as a passenger car,but it should be appreciated that any other vehicle includingmotorcycles, trucks, sports utility vehicles (SUVs), recreationalvehicles (RVs), marine vessels, aircraft, etc., can also be used. Someof the vehicle electronics 28 is shown generally in FIG. 1 and includesa telematics unit 30, a microphone 32, one or more pushbuttons or othercontrol inputs 34, an audio system 36, a visual display 38, and a GPSmodule 40 as well as a number of vehicle system modules (VSMs) 42. Someof these devices can be connected directly to the telematics unit suchas, for example, the microphone 32 and pushbutton(s) 34, whereas othersare indirectly connected using one or more network connections, such asa communications bus 44 or an entertainment bus 46. Examples of suitablenetwork connections include a controller area network (CAN), a mediaoriented system transfer (MOST), a local interconnection network (LIN),a local area network (LAN), and other appropriate connections such asEthernet or others that conform with known ISO, SAE and IEEE standardsand specifications, to name but a few.

Telematics unit 30 can be an OEM-installed (embedded) or aftermarketdevice that is installed in the vehicle and that enables wireless voiceand/or data communication over wireless carrier system 14 and viawireless networking. This enables the vehicle to communicate with callcenter 20, other telematics-enabled vehicles, or some other entity ordevice. The telematics unit preferably uses radio transmissions toestablish a communications channel (a voice channel and/or a datachannel) with wireless carrier system 14 so that voice and/or datatransmissions can be sent and received over the channel. By providingboth voice and data communication, telematics unit 30 enables thevehicle to offer a number of different services including those relatedto navigation, telephony, emergency assistance, diagnostics,infotainment, etc. Data can be sent either via a data connection, suchas via packet data transmission over a data channel, or via a voicechannel using techniques known in the art. For combined services thatinvolve both voice communication (e.g., with a live advisor or voiceresponse unit at the call center 20) and data communication (e.g., toprovide GPS location data or vehicle diagnostic data to the call center20), the system can utilize a single call over a voice channel andswitch as needed between voice and data transmission over the voicechannel, and this can be done using techniques known to those skilled inthe art.

According to one embodiment, telematics unit 30 utilizes cellularcommunication according to either GSM or CDMA standards and thusincludes a standard cellular chipset 50 for voice communications likehands-free calling, a wireless modem for data transmission, anelectronic processing device 52, one or more digital memory devices 54,and a dual antenna 56. It should be appreciated that the modem caneither be implemented through software that is stored in the telematicsunit and is executed by processor 52, or it can be a separate hardwarecomponent located internal or external to telematics unit 30. The modemcan operate using any number of different standards or protocols such asEVDO, CDMA, GPRS, and EDGE. Wireless networking between the vehicle andother networked devices can also be carried out using telematics unit30. For this purpose, telematics unit 30 can be configured tocommunicate wirelessly according to one or more wireless protocols, suchas any of the IEEE 802.11 protocols, WiMAX, or Bluetooth. When used forpacket-switched data communication such as TCP/IP, the telematics unitcan be configured with a static IP address or can set up toautomatically receive an assigned IP address from another device on thenetwork such as a router or from a network address server.

Processor 52 can be any type of device capable of processing electronicinstructions including microprocessors, microcontrollers, hostprocessors, controllers, vehicle communication processors, andapplication specific integrated circuits (ASICs). It can be a dedicatedprocessor used only for telematics unit 30 or can be shared with othervehicle systems. Processor 52 executes various types of digitally-storedinstructions, such as software or firmware programs stored in memory 54,which enable the telematics unit to provide a wide variety of services.For instance, processor 52 can execute programs or process data to carryout at least a part of the method discussed herein.

Telematics unit 30 can be used to provide a diverse range of vehicleservices that involve wireless communication to and/or from the vehicle.Such services include: turn-by-turn directions and othernavigation-related services that are provided in conjunction with theGPS-based vehicle navigation module 40; airbag deployment notificationand other emergency or roadside assistance-related services that areprovided in connection with one or more collision sensor interfacemodules such as a body control module (not shown); diagnostic reportingusing one or more diagnostic modules; and infotainment-related serviceswhere music, webpages, movies, television programs, videogames and/orother information is downloaded by an infotainment module (not shown)and is stored for current or later playback. The above-listed servicesare by no means an exhaustive list of all of the capabilities oftelematics unit 30, but are simply an enumeration of some of theservices that the telematics unit is capable of offering. Furthermore,it should be understood that at least some of the aforementioned modulescould be implemented in the form of software instructions saved internalor external to telematics unit 30, they could be hardware componentslocated internal or external to telematics unit 30, or they could beintegrated and/or shared with each other or with other systems locatedthroughout the vehicle, to cite but a few possibilities. In the eventthat the modules are implemented as VSMs 42 located external totelematics unit 30, they could utilize vehicle bus 44 to exchange dataand commands with the telematics unit.

GPS module 40 receives radio signals from a constellation 60 of GPSsatellites. From these signals, the module 40 can determine vehicleposition that is used for providing navigation and otherposition-related services to the vehicle driver. Navigation informationcan be presented on the display 38 (or other display within the vehicle)or can be presented verbally such as is done when supplying turn-by-turnnavigation. The navigation services can be provided using a dedicatedin-vehicle navigation module (which can be part of GPS module 40), orsome or all navigation services can be done via telematics unit 30,wherein the position information is sent to a remote location forpurposes of providing the vehicle with navigation maps, map annotations(points of interest, restaurants, etc.), route calculations, and thelike. The position information can be supplied to call center 20 orother remote computer system, such as computer 18, for other purposes,such as fleet management. Also, new or updated map data can bedownloaded to the GPS module 40 from the call center 20 via thetelematics unit 30.

Apart from the audio system 36 and GPS module 40, the vehicle 12 caninclude other vehicle system modules (VSMs) 42 in the form of electronichardware components that are located throughout the vehicle andtypically receive input from one or more sensors and use the sensedinput to perform diagnostic, monitoring, control, reporting and/or otherfunctions. Each of the VSMs 42 is preferably connected by communicationsbus 44 to the other VSMs, as well as to the telematics unit 30, and canbe programmed to run vehicle system and subsystem diagnostic tests. Asexamples, one VSM 42 can be an engine control module (ECM) that controlsvarious aspects of engine operation such as fuel ignition and ignitiontiming, another VSM 42 can be a powertrain control module that regulatesoperation of one or more components of the vehicle powertrain, andanother VSM 42 can be a body control module that governs variouselectrical components located throughout the vehicle, like the vehicle'spower door locks and headlights. According to one embodiment, the enginecontrol module is equipped with on-board diagnostic (OBD) features thatprovide myriad real-time data, such as that received from varioussensors including vehicle emissions sensors, and provide a standardizedseries of diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) that allow a technician torapidly identify and remedy malfunctions within the vehicle. As isappreciated by those skilled in the art, the above-mentioned VSMs areonly examples of some of the modules that can be used in vehicle 12, asnumerous others are also possible.

Vehicle electronics 28 also includes a number of vehicle user interfacesthat provide vehicle occupants with a means of providing and/orreceiving information, including microphone 32, pushbuttons(s) 34, audiosystem 36, and visual display 38. As used herein, the term ‘vehicle userinterface’ broadly includes any suitable form of electronic device,including both hardware and software components, which is located on thevehicle and enables a vehicle user to communicate with or through acomponent of the vehicle. Microphone 32 provides audio input to thetelematics unit to enable the driver or other occupant to provide voicecommands and carry out hands-free calling via the wireless carriersystem 14. For this purpose, it can be connected to an on-boardautomated voice processing unit utilizing human-machine interface (HMI)technology known in the art. The pushbutton(s) 34 allow manual userinput into the telematics unit 30 to initiate wireless telephone callsand provide other data, response, or control input. Separate pushbuttonscan be used for initiating emergency calls versus regular serviceassistance calls to the call center 20. Audio system 36 provides audiooutput to a vehicle occupant and can be a dedicated, stand-alone systemor part of the primary vehicle audio system. According to the particularembodiment shown here, audio system 36 is operatively coupled to bothvehicle bus 44 and entertainment bus 46 and can provide AM, FM andsatellite radio, CD, DVD and other multimedia functionality. Thisfunctionality can be provided in conjunction with or independent of theinfotainment module described above. Visual display 38 is preferably agraphics display, such as a touch screen on the instrument panel or aheads-up display reflected off of the windshield, and can be used toprovide a multitude of input and output functions. Various other vehicleuser interfaces can also be utilized, as the interfaces of FIG. 1 areonly an example of one particular implementation.

Wireless carrier system 14 is preferably a cellular telephone systemthat includes a plurality of cell towers 70 (only one shown), one ormore mobile switching centers (MSCs) 72, as well as any other networkingcomponents required to connect wireless carrier system 14 with landnetwork 16. Each cell tower 70 includes sending and receiving antennasand a base station, with the base stations from different cell towersbeing connected to the MSC 72 either directly or via intermediaryequipment such as a base station controller. Cellular system 14 canimplement any suitable communications technology, including for example,analog technologies such as AMPS, or the newer digital technologies suchas CDMA (e.g., CDMA2000) or GSM/GPRS. As will be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art, various cell tower/base station/MSC arrangements arepossible and could be used with wireless system 14. For instance, thebase station and cell tower could be co-located at the same site or theycould be remotely located from one another, each base station could beresponsible for a single cell tower or a single base station couldservice various cell towers, and various base stations could be coupledto a single MSC, to name but a few of the possible arrangements.

Apart from using wireless carrier system 14, a different wirelesscarrier system in the form of satellite communication can be used toprovide uni-directional or bi-directional communication with thevehicle. This can be done using one or more communication satellites 62and an uplink transmitting station 64. Uni-directional communication canbe, for example, satellite radio services, wherein programming content(news, music, etc.) is received by transmitting station 64, packaged forupload, and then sent to the satellite 62, which broadcasts theprogramming to subscribers. Bi-directional communication can be, forexample, satellite telephony services using satellite 62 to relaytelephone communications between the vehicle 12 and station 64. If used,this satellite telephony can be utilized either in addition to or inlieu of wireless carrier system 14.

Land network 16 may be a conventional land-based telecommunicationsnetwork that is connected to one or more landline telephones andconnects wireless carrier system 14 to call center 20. For example, landnetwork 16 may include a public switched telephone network (PSTN) suchas that used to provide hardwired telephony, packet-switched datacommunications, and the Internet infrastructure. One or more segments ofland network 16 could be implemented through the use of a standard wirednetwork, a fiber or other optical network, a cable network, power lines,other wireless networks such as wireless local area networks (WLANs), ornetworks providing broadband wireless access (BWA), or any combinationthereof. Furthermore, call center 20 need not be connected via landnetwork 16, but could include wireless telephony equipment so that itcan communicate directly with a wireless network, such as wirelesscarrier system 14.

Computer 18 can be one of a number of computers accessible via a privateor public network such as the Internet. Each such computer 18 can beused for one or more purposes, such as a web server accessible by thevehicle via telematics unit 30 and wireless carrier 14. Other suchaccessible computers 18 can be, for example: a service center computerwhere diagnostic information and other vehicle data can be uploaded fromthe vehicle via the telematics unit 30; a client computer used by thevehicle owner or other subscriber for such purposes as accessing orreceiving vehicle data or to setting up or configuring subscriberpreferences or controlling vehicle functions; or a third partyrepository to or from which vehicle data or other information isprovided, whether by communicating with the vehicle 12 or call center20, or both. A computer 18 can also be used for providing Internetconnectivity such as DNS services or as a network address server thatuses DHCP or other suitable protocol to assign an IP address to thevehicle 12.

Call center 20 is designed to provide the vehicle electronics 28 with anumber of different system back-end functions and, according to theillustrative embodiment shown here, generally includes one or moreswitches 80, servers 82, databases 84, live advisors 86, as well as anautomated voice response system (VRS) 88, all of which are known in theart. These various call center components are preferably coupled to oneanother via a wired or wireless local area network 90. Switch 80, whichcan be a private branch exchange (PBX) switch, routes incoming signalsso that voice transmissions are usually sent to either the live adviser86 by regular phone or to the automated voice response system 88 usingVoIP. The live advisor phone can also use VoIP as indicated by thebroken line in FIG. 1. VoIP and other data communication through theswitch 80 is implemented via a modem (not shown) connected between theswitch 80 and network 90. Data transmissions are passed via the modem toserver 82 and/or database 84. Database 84 can store account informationsuch as subscriber authentication information, vehicle identifiers,profile records, behavioral patterns, and other pertinent subscriberinformation. Data transmissions may also be conducted by wirelesssystems, such as 802.11x, GPRS, and the like. Although the illustratedembodiment has been described as it would be used in conjunction with amanned call center 20 using live advisor 86, it will be appreciated thatthe call center can instead utilize VRS 88 as an automated advisor or, acombination of VRS 88 and the live advisor 86 can be used.

Automatic Speech Recognition System—

Turning now to FIG. 2, there is shown an illustrative architecture foran ASR system 210 that can be used to enable the presently disclosedmethod. In general, a vehicle occupant vocally interacts with anautomatic speech recognition system (ASR) for one or more of thefollowing fundamental purposes: training the system to understand avehicle occupant's particular voice; storing discrete speech such as aspoken nametag or a spoken control word like a numeral or keyword; orrecognizing the vehicle occupant's speech for any suitable purpose suchas voice dialing, menu navigation, transcription, service requests,vehicle device or device function control, or the like. Generally, ASRextracts acoustic data from human speech, compares and contrasts theacoustic data to stored subword data, selects an appropriate subwordwhich can be concatenated with other selected subwords, and outputs theconcatenated subwords or words for post-processing such as dictation ortranscription, address book dialing, storing to memory, training ASRmodels or adaptation parameters, or the like.

ASR systems are generally known to those skilled in the art, and FIG. 2illustrates just one specific illustrative ASR system 210. The system210 includes a device to receive speech such as the telematicsmicrophone 32, and an acoustic interface 33 such as a sound card of thetelematics unit 30 having an analog to digital converter to digitize thespeech into acoustic data. The system 210 also includes a memory such asthe telematics memory 54 for storing the acoustic data and storingspeech recognition software and databases, and a processor such as thetelematics processor 52 to process the acoustic data. The processorfunctions with the memory and in conjunction with the following modules:one or more front-end processors or pre-processor software modules 212for parsing streams of the acoustic data of the speech into parametricrepresentations such as acoustic features; one or more decoder softwaremodules 214 for decoding the acoustic features to yield digital subwordor word output data corresponding to the input speech utterances; andone or more post-processor software modules 216 for using the outputdata from the decoder module(s) 214 for any suitable purpose.

The system 210 can also receive speech from any other suitable audiosource(s) 31, which can be directly communicated with the pre-processorsoftware module(s) 212 as shown in solid line or indirectly communicatedtherewith via the acoustic interface 33. The audio source(s) 31 caninclude, for example, a telephonic source of audio such as a voice mailsystem, or other telephonic services of any kind.

One or more modules or models can be used as input to the decodermodule(s) 214. First, grammar and/or lexicon model(s) 218 can providerules governing which words can logically follow other words to formvalid sentences. In a broad sense, a grammar can define a universe ofvocabulary the system 210 expects at any given time in any given ASRmode. For example, if the system 210 is in a training mode for trainingcommands, then the grammar model(s) 218 can include all commands knownto and used by the system 210. In another example, if the system 210 isin a main menu mode, then the active grammar model(s) 218 can includeall main menu commands expected by the system 210 such as call, dial,exit, delete, directory, or the like. Second, acoustic model(s) 220assist with selection of most likely subwords or words corresponding toinput from the pre-processor module(s) 212. Third, word model(s) 222 andsentence/language model(s) 224 provide rules, syntax, and/or semanticsin placing the selected subwords or words into word or sentence context.Also, the sentence/language model(s) 224 can define a universe ofsentences the system 210 expects at any given time in any given ASRmode, and/or can provide rules, etc., governing which sentences canlogically follow other sentences to form valid extended speech.

According to an alternative illustrative embodiment, some or all of theASR system 210 can be resident on, and processed using, computingequipment in a location remote from the vehicle 12 such as the callcenter 20. For example, grammar models, acoustic models, and the likecan be stored in memory of one of the servers 82 and/or databases 84 inthe call center 20 and communicated to the vehicle telematics unit 30for in-vehicle speech processing. Similarly, speech recognition softwarecan be processed using processors of one of the servers 82 in the callcenter 20. In other words, the ASR system 210 can be resident in thetelematics unit 30 or distributed across the call center 20 and thevehicle 12 in any desired manner.

First, acoustic data is extracted from human speech wherein a vehicleoccupant speaks into the microphone 32, which converts the utterancesinto electrical signals and communicates such signals to the acousticinterface 33. A sound-responsive element in the microphone 32 capturesthe occupant's speech utterances as variations in air pressure andconverts the utterances into corresponding variations of analogelectrical signals such as direct current or voltage. The acousticinterface 33 receives the analog electrical signals, which are firstsampled such that values of the analog signal are captured at discreteinstants of time, and are then quantized such that the amplitudes of theanalog signals are converted at each sampling instant into a continuousstream of digital speech data. In other words, the acoustic interface 33converts the analog electrical signals into digital electronic signals.The digital data are binary bits which are buffered in the telematicsmemory 54 and then processed by the telematics processor 52 or can beprocessed as they are initially received by the processor 52 inreal-time.

Second, the pre-processor module(s) 212 transforms the continuous streamof digital speech data into discrete sequences of acoustic parameters.More specifically, the processor 52 executes the pre-processor module(s)212 to segment the digital speech data into overlapping phonetic oracoustic frames of, for example, 10-30 ms duration. The framescorrespond to acoustic subwords such as syllables, demi-syllables,phones, diphones, phonemes, or the like. The pre-processor module(s) 212also performs phonetic analysis to extract acoustic parameters from theoccupant's speech such as time-varying feature vectors, from within eachframe. Utterances within the occupant's speech can be represented assequences of these feature vectors. For example, and as known to thoseskilled in the art, feature vectors can be extracted and can include,for example, vocal pitch, energy profiles, spectral attributes, and/orcepstral coefficients that can be obtained by performing Fouriertransforms of the frames and decorrelating acoustic spectra using cosinetransforms. Acoustic frames and corresponding parameters covering aparticular duration of speech are concatenated into unknown test patternof speech to be decoded.

Third, the processor executes the decoder module(s) 214 to process theincoming feature vectors of each test pattern. The decoder module(s) 214is also known as a recognition engine or classifier, and uses storedknown reference patterns of speech. Like the test patterns, thereference patterns are defined as a concatenation of related acousticframes and corresponding parameters. The decoder module(s) 214 comparesand contrasts the acoustic feature vectors of a subword test pattern tobe recognized with stored subword reference patterns, assesses themagnitude of the differences or similarities therebetween, andultimately uses decision logic to choose a best matching subword as therecognized subword. In general, the best matching subword is that whichcorresponds to the stored known reference pattern that has a minimumdissimilarity to, or highest probability of being, the test pattern asdetermined by any of various techniques known to those skilled in theart to analyze and recognize subwords. Such techniques can includedynamic time-warping classifiers, artificial intelligence techniques,neural networks, free phoneme recognizers, and/or probabilistic patternmatchers such as Hidden Markov Model (HMM) engines.

HMM engines are known to those skilled in the art for producing multiplespeech recognition model hypotheses of acoustic input. The hypothesesare considered in ultimately identifying and selecting that recognitionoutput which represents the most probable correct decoding of theacoustic input via feature analysis of the speech. More specifically, anHMM engine generates statistical models in the form of an “N-best” listof subword model hypotheses ranked according to HMM-calculatedconfidence values or probabilities of an observed sequence of acousticdata given one or another subword such as by the application of Bayes'Theorem.

A Bayesian HMM process identifies a best hypothesis corresponding to themost probable utterance or subword sequence for a given observationsequence of acoustic feature vectors, and its confidence values candepend on a variety of factors including acoustic signal-to-noise ratiosassociated with incoming acoustic data. The HMM can also include astatistical distribution called a mixture of diagonal Gaussians, whichyields a likelihood score for each observed feature vector of eachsubword, which scores can be used to reorder the N-best list ofhypotheses. The HMM engine can also identify and select a subword whosemodel likelihood score is highest.

In a similar manner, individual HMMs for a sequence of subwords can beconcatenated to establish single or multiple word HMM. Thereafter, anN-best list of single or multiple word reference patterns and associatedparameter values may be generated and further evaluated.

In one example, the speech recognition decoder 214 processes the featurevectors using the appropriate acoustic models, grammars, and algorithmsto generate an N-best list of reference patterns. As used herein, theterm reference patterns is interchangeable with models, waveforms,templates, rich signal models, exemplars, hypotheses, or other types ofreferences. A reference pattern can include a series of feature vectorsrepresentative of one or more words or subwords and can be based onparticular speakers, speaking styles, and audible environmentalconditions. Those skilled in the art will recognize that referencepatterns can be generated by suitable reference pattern training of theASR system and stored in memory. Those skilled in the art will alsorecognize that stored reference patterns can be manipulated, whereinparameter values of the reference patterns are adapted based ondifferences in speech input signals between reference pattern trainingand actual use of the ASR system. For example, a set of referencepatterns trained for one vehicle occupant or certain acoustic conditionscan be adapted and saved as another set of reference patterns for adifferent vehicle occupant or different acoustic conditions, based on alimited amount of training data from the different vehicle occupant orthe different acoustic conditions. In other words, the referencepatterns are not necessarily fixed and can be adjusted during speechrecognition.

Using the in-vocabulary grammar and any suitable decoder algorithm(s)and acoustic model(s), the processor accesses from memory severalreference patterns interpretive of the test pattern. For example, theprocessor can generate, and store to memory, a list of N-best vocabularyresults or reference patterns, along with corresponding parametervalues. Illustrative parameter values can include confidence scores ofeach reference pattern in the N-best list of vocabulary and associatedsegment durations, likelihood scores, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)values, and/or the like. The N-best list of vocabulary can be ordered bydescending magnitude of the parameter value(s). For example, thevocabulary reference pattern with the highest confidence score is thefirst best reference pattern, and so on. Once a string of recognizedsubwords are established, they can be used to construct words with inputfrom the word models 222 and to construct sentences with the input fromthe language models 224.

Finally, the post-processor software module(s) 216 receives the outputdata from the decoder module(s) 214 for any suitable purpose. In oneexample, the post-processor software module(s) 216 can identify orselect one of the reference patterns from the N-best list of single ormultiple word reference patterns as recognized speech. In anotherexample, the post-processor module(s) 216 can be used to convertacoustic data into text or digits for use with other aspects of the ASRsystem or other vehicle systems. In a further example, thepost-processor module(s) 216 can be used to provide training feedback tothe decoder 214 or pre-processor 212. More specifically, thepost-processor 216 can be used to train acoustic models for the decodermodule(s) 214, or to train adaptation parameters for the pre-processormodule(s) 212.

Speech Processing System—

Turning now to FIG. 3, there is shown a speech processing system 310that can be used for automated speech recognition and/or hands-freetelecommunication in a passenger compartment 12 a of the vehicle 12. Ingeneral, the system 310 can include one or more of speech microphones 32a, 32 b, 32 c, and/or 32 d to receive occupant or user speech andconvert it into speech signals, and one or more active noise controlmicrophones 31 a and/or 31 b to receive vehicle noise and convert itinto vehicle noise signals. The system 310 also can include one or moreamplifiers 33 a, 33 b, 33 c, 33 d, 33 e, and/or 33 f to amplify thesignals from corresponding microphones, and one or more analog todigital converters 33 g to convert the amplified signals from analogform into digital form. The amplifiers 33 a-33 f and/or the analog todigital converter 33 g can be part of the acoustic interface 33 of thetelematics unit 30, or can be any other suitable device(s) to amplifyand digitize analog signals into acoustic data signals. The system 310further can include a speech controller 312 in communication with themicrophones to receive and process the signals for any suitable usedownstream.

The one or more speech microphones 32 a-32 d can include any suitabletype(s) of speech microphones. The microphones 32 a-32 d can bepositioned in front of a driver D in a driver seat 12 b and a passengerP in a passenger seat 12 c, respectively. In one example, themicrophones 32 a, 32 c can be carried in a headliner console above andin front of the driver and passenger seats 12 b, 12 c. In anotherexample, the microphones 32 b, 32 d can be positioned laterally outboardof the other microphones 32 a, 32 c. For example, the microphones 32 b,32 d can be carried on sun visors or A-pillars of the vehicle 12. Thespeech microphones 32 a-32 d can have a frequency response suitable forspeech, for instance, from 300 Hz to 8 kHz. For example, the microphonescan include conventional 0-8 kHz microphones or newer wideband 0-11 kHzmicrophones.

In one embodiment, a speech microphone 32 a can be located relativelyclose to a talker and can have unidirectional characteristics with amain acoustic axis (e.g. the direction with the highest sensitivity)oriented towards the talker. For instance, the speech microphone 32 acan be a single directional microphone, for example, the telematicsmicrophone. The microphone 32 a can be positioned in front of, above,and laterally between the driver and passenger seats 12 b, 12 c. In thisembodiment, such a microphone 32 a can work well for HFC. In a variationon this embodiment, a second microphone 32 b can be used to doadditional signal processing to enhance noise reduction for HFC. Thesecond microphone 32 b can be either omnidirectional or unidirectional.

In another embodiment, the speech microphones 32 a, 32 c can include twoor dual directional microphones. In this embodiment, the controller 312can switch between activation of the dual directional microphones 32 a,32 c between the driver D and the passenger P. The microphones 32 a, 32c can be positioned in front of, above, and laterally between the driverand passenger seats 12 b, 12 c.

In an additional embodiment, the speech microphones 32 b, 32 d caninclude omnidirectional microphones. In a similar embodiment, all of thespeech microphones 32 a-32 d can include omnidirectional microphones. Inthese embodiments, two or more of the microphones 32 b, 32 d can beactivated at the same time. For example, the microphones 32 b, 32 d canbe used as a beamforming array of omnidirectional microphones for ASR.

In a further embodiment, the speech microphones can include a driverside dual microphone arrangement including dual microphones 32 a, 32 b,and/or a passenger side dual microphone arrangement including dualmicrophones 32 c, 32 d. In this embodiment, the microphones 32 b, 32 dare positioned outboard of the other microphones 32 a, 32 c andcorrelation techniques can be performed on signals received from thespeech microphones to reduce noise. For enhanced noise reduction usingcorrelation techniques, a plurality of identical microphones can beused. The multiple identical microphones can pick up the same speechsignal as well as any noise in the vehicle. Because noise signatures aretypically incoherent and speech is typically coherent, correlationsignal processing will tend to enhance coherent correlated speech andreduce incoherent noise. If identical microphones are not used, forexample one directional and one omnidirectional, correlation techniquesstill can be used, but may not perform quite as well as the identicalmicrophone case.

The active noise control (ANC) microphones 31 a, 31 b can includeomnidirectional microphones or any other suitable ANC microphones. Inone example, the microphones 31 b, 31 b can be positioned laterallyoutboard of the microphones 32 b, 32 d. In another example, themicrophones 31 a, 31 b can be positioned laterally outboard of and/orabove the driver and passenger seats 12 b, 12 c. For instance, themicrophones 31 a, 31 b can be carried on B-pillars of the vehicle 12,wherein the microphones 31 a, 31 b can be positioned to be above theears of most vehicle occupants. As used herein, the terminology “ANCmicrophones” includes microphones having omnidirectional and phasecorrelated characteristics. The microphones should be in phase with oneanother so that anti-noise signals can be produced to be exactly 180°out of phase with the noise. The ANC microphones 31 a, 31 b can be tunedto sense low frequency vehicle noise, for example, by being tuned forsensitivity from 0-200 Hz.

The speech controller 312 can include any suitable portion(s) of the ASRsystem 210, the telematics processor 52 and memory 54, and/or any othersuitable processing device(s) and memory. The speech controller 312 canprocess the speech signals for downstream use in recognizing speechduring automated speech recognition, for communicating speech over atelecommunications system, and/or any other suitable purpose(s). Forexample, the controller 312 can process a speech signal in response to avehicle noise signal to reduce vehicle noise in the speech signal.

Speech Processing Method—

Methods of speech processing can be carried out using suitableprogramming of the systems 210 and 310 of FIGS. 2 and 3 and within theoperating environment of the vehicle telematics unit 30 as well as usingsuitable hardware and programming of the other components shown inFIG. 1. These features of any particular implementation will be known tothose skilled in the art based on the above system description and thediscussion of the method described below in conjunction with theremaining figures. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that themethods can be carried out using other ASR and speech processing systemsand techniques within other operating environments.

Turning now to FIG. 4, there is provided a method 400 of speechprocessing for a vehicle.

At step 410, the method 400 includes receiving speech from a user via atleast one speech microphone that converts the speech into a speechsignal. For example, one or more of the speech microphones 32 a-32 d canbe used.

At step 420, the method 400 includes receiving vehicle noise via atleast one active noise control microphone that converts the noise into avehicle noise signal. For example, one or more of the vehicle noisemicrophones 31 a, 31 b can be used. The vehicle noise receiving step canbe carried out during or at the same time as the user speech receivingstep. As used herein, the terminology “vehicle noise” includes soundthat can be generated by a vehicle, for instance, powertrain sounds,tire/road sounds, and the like, or by wind impinging on a vehicle, or bysound sources external to the vehicle but audible within the vehicle.

At step 430, the method 400 includes processing the speech signal inresponse to the vehicle noise signal. In one embodiment, the speechsignal can be processed using the vehicle noise signal to reduce vehiclenoise in the speech signal. For instance, the controller 312 can be usedto reduce vehicle noise in the speech signal by applying high passfilters, dynamic noise reduction, or any other suitable noise reductiontechniques. In one example, the vehicle noise signal from the ANCmicrophones 31 a, 31 b can be used as a good model of actual vehiclenoise. Also, the noise reduction techniques can be similar to thecorrelation techniques described above.

Then, the controller 312 can adjust a speech processing algorithm inresponse to the vehicle noise signal. For instance, the controller 312can modify an already existing speech processing algorithm, or produce anew, better speech processing algorithm. As used herein, the terminology“speech processing algorithm” can include a hands-free algorithm, noisereduction algorithm, or the like. As also used herein, the terminology“hands-free algorithm” is a speech processing algorithm tunedspecifically for hands-free telecommunication, and can include a noisereduction algorithm. Also, the hands-free algorithm can include tunableparameters like noise reduction parameters, acoustic echo cancellationparameters, automatic gain control parameters, equalizer parameters, andthe like. For example, echo cancellation parameters can include delayfrom loudspeaker to microphone. In another example, equalizer parameterscan include Gaussian curves having have center frequencies, bandwidths,and gain/attenuation. In a further example, noise reduction parameterscan describe an amount of attenuation in dB from the speech signal.

Prior approaches to speech signal noise reduction typically involveapplying predefined filters to the speech signal. But speech microphonesare not usually tuned to sense low frequency vehicle noise. Accordingly,with the presently disclosed method, the ANC microphone(s) 31 a, 31 bcan be used to reproduce the vehicle noise so that the controller 312can process that vehicle noise out of the speech signal.

In another embodiment, the speech signal can be processed using thevehicle noise signal for correlation based processing. For example, oneof the ANC microphones 31 a, 31 b can be used, in conjunction with acorresponding one of the speech microphones 32 a-32 d, as a speechcorrelation microphone. Accordingly the speech signal processing stepcan include correlation based dual microphone speech signal processing,for example, as described above.

In a particular example of this embodiment, such correlation based dualmicrophone processing can be used when the vehicle 12 is a convertiblewith its top down and having a passenger compartment undergoing theeffects of wind buffeting. In this example, the omnidirectional ANCmicrophone 31 a, 31 b can be used as a primary microphone and the speechmicrophone 32 a-32 d can be used as a correlation microphone. This canbe particularly effective because noise components in the signals do notcorrelate between the two microphones, whereas speech components docorrelate.

At step 440, the speech signal can be processed to extract acousticfeature vectors from the audio. For example, the pre-processor 212 canalso extract feature vectors including cepstral coefficients, pitchfeatures, and the like.

At step 450, extracted acoustic feature vectors can be processed with aspeech recognition engine or decoder to obtain at least one hypothesisfor speech in the received audio. For example, the received speechsignal can be decoded by the decoder 214 of the ASR system 210 using thegrammar 218 and using one or more acoustic models 220 to produce N-besthypotheses and associated parameter values, for instance, confidencevalues.

At step 460, speech can be identified. For example, the post-processor216 can be used to post-process the plurality of hypotheses producedfrom the decoder 214 to identify particular speech as the receivedspeech. The identified speech hypothesis can be identified as thehighest ranking hypothesis of a plurality of hypothesis based onprobability or other statistical analysis or in any other suitablemanner. For instance, the identified distortion hypothesis can be afirst best of an N-best list of distortion hypotheses, or can beidentified in any other manner similar to identification of subword orutterance hypotheses.

The methods or parts thereof can be implemented in a computer programproduct embodied in a computer readable medium and includinginstructions usable by one or more processors of one or more computersof one or more systems to cause the system(s) to implement one or moreof the method steps. The computer program product may include one ormore software programs comprised of program instructions in source code,object code, executable code or other formats; one or more firmwareprograms; or hardware description language (HDL) files; and any programrelated data. The data may include data structures, look-up tables, ordata in any other suitable format. The program instructions may includeprogram modules, routines, programs, objects, components, and/or thelike. The computer program can be executed on one computer or onmultiple computers in communication with one another.

The program(s) can be embodied on computer readable media, which can benon-transitory and can include one or more storage devices, articles ofmanufacture, or the like. Exemplary computer readable media includecomputer system memory, e.g. RAM (random access memory), ROM (read onlymemory); semiconductor memory, e.g. EPROM (erasable, programmable ROM),EEPROM (electrically erasable, programmable ROM), flash memory; magneticor optical disks or tapes; and/or the like. The computer readable mediummay also include computer to computer connections, for example, whendata is transferred or provided over a network or another communicationsconnection (either wired, wireless, or a combination thereof). Anycombination(s) of the above examples is also included within the scopeof the computer-readable media. It is therefore to be understood thatthe method can be at least partially performed by any electronicarticles and/or devices capable of carrying out instructionscorresponding to one or more steps of the disclosed method.

It is to be understood that the foregoing is a description of one ormore embodiments of the invention. The invention is not limited to theparticular embodiment(s) disclosed herein, but rather is defined solelyby the claims below. Furthermore, the statements contained in theforegoing description relate to particular embodiments and are not to beconstrued as limitations on the scope of the invention or on thedefinition of terms used in the claims, except where a term or phrase isexpressly defined above. Various other embodiments and various changesand modifications to the disclosed embodiment(s) will become apparent tothose skilled in the art. All such other embodiments, changes, andmodifications are intended to come within the scope of the appendedclaims.

As used in this specification and claims, the terms “e.g.,” “forexample,” “for instance,” “such as,” and “like,” and the verbs“comprising,” “having,” “including,” and their other verb forms, whenused in conjunction with a listing of one or more components or otheritems, are each to be construed as open-ended, meaning that the listingis not to be considered as excluding other, additional components oritems. Other terms are to be construed using their broadest reasonablemeaning unless they are used in a context that requires a differentinterpretation.

1. A speech processing system for a vehicle, comprising: at least onespeech microphone that converts user speech into speech signals; atleast one active noise control microphone that converts vehicle noiseinto vehicle noise signals; and a controller in communication with themicrophones to process the speech signal in response to the vehiclenoise signal to reduce vehicle noise in the speech signal.
 2. The systemof claim 1, wherein the at least one speech microphone is positioned infront of, above, and laterally between driver and passenger seats. 3.The system of claim 1 wherein the at least one speech microphoneincludes a single directional microphone.
 4. The system of claim 1,wherein the at least one speech microphone includes multiple directionalmicrophones.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein the multiple directionalmicrophones include beamforming microphones, and the at least one speechmicrophone also includes at least two omnidirectional microphonespositioned laterally outboard of the beamforming microphones.
 6. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the at least one speech microphone includesat least one omnidirectional microphone.
 7. The system of claim 1,wherein the at least one active noise control microphone includesmultiple omnidirectional microphones.
 8. The system of claim 1, whereinthe at least one speech microphone is positioned in front of a user inthe vehicle, and the at least one active noise control microphone ispositioned to the side of the user in the vehicle.
 9. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one speech microphone includes a singledirectional microphone, and the at least one active noise controlmicrophone is used as a speech correlation microphone for correlationbased dual microphone speech signal processing.
 10. The system of claim1, wherein the system is a speech recognition system.
 11. The system ofclaim 10, wherein the controller includes: a speech recognitionpre-processor to process the speech signal in response to the vehiclenoise signal to reduce vehicle noise in the speech signal and togenerate acoustic feature vectors from the speech signal; a speechrecognition decoder to decode the acoustic feature vectors and producespeech hypotheses; and a speech recognition post-processor to identifyrecognized speech from the speech hypotheses.
 12. A method of speechprocessing for a vehicle, comprising: (a) receiving speech from a uservia at least one speech microphone that converts the speech into aspeech signal; (b) receiving vehicle noise via at least one active noisecontrol microphone that converts the noise into a vehicle noise signal;and (c) processing the speech signal in response to the vehicle noisesignal to reduce vehicle noise in the speech signal.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, further comprising adjusting a noise reduction algorithm inresponse to the vehicle noise signal.
 14. The method of claim 13,wherein step (c) includes applying the adjusted noise reductionalgorithm to the speech signal.
 15. The method of claim 12, furthercomprising using the at least one active noise control microphone as aspeech correlation microphone for correlation based dual microphonespeech signal processing.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein the methodis a speech recognition method.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein themethod also includes: pre-processing the speech signal in response tothe vehicle noise signal to reduce vehicle noise in the speech signaland to generate acoustic feature vectors from the speech signal;decoding the acoustic feature vectors to produce speech hypotheses; andpost-processing the speech hypotheses to identify recognized speech fromthe speech hypotheses.
 18. A computer program product embodied in acomputer-readable medium and including instructions usable by a computerprocessor of a speech processing system to cause the system to implementsteps of a method according to claim 12.